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The purpose that this paper serves is to analyze and incorporate the conclusions of four articles and examine the link between extracurricular activities and self-esteem in adolescents. The article is broken into four separate sections. First, the definitions of both the independent variable and the dependent variable will be identified and the hypothesis will be stated. Next, the findings from the four articles will be thoroughly summarized. Third, the findings from the articles will be incorporated into the paper with potential sources for the results. Lastly, the strengths, limitations, and recommendations for possible research in the future of each article will be offered. Following the paper I will present my personal reflection of the research and transcription of this paper. The independent variable is the involvement in extracurricular activities and the dependent variable is the self-perception. Kort-Butler, and Hagewen (2010) examined the relationship between the involvement in extracurricular activities of adolescents and self-esteem in early adulthood. The study included 3 times with roughly 1-2 years between times 1 and 2, and 5-6 years between times 2 and 3 each. After all three trials the sample consisted of 5,399 individuals (47.8% male). During the first time period the mean age was 15.47 years old, while the age during the final time was roughly 26 years old. With 5,399 individuals with 3 visits each, there were a total of 16,197 visits. They studied the effects of linear age on self-esteem. This was assessed by the response of each individual to 4 questions. The same 4 questions were given at each of the three time periods. School-based extracurricular involvement was assessed by a questionnaire during t... ... events or extracurricular activities that are being assessed. I learned a great deal about research and writing during this paper. Being thorough in your research is key. Researchers use many different titles for the same topic and you may not find an article that would be perfect for your paper if you don’t type in all of the different potential key words. I also learned a lot about gender differences with regard to the topic. Boys and girls have very different views about what factors contribute to their self-perception. Lastly, the results sections in these articles were quite confusing and could easily be misread. It is important to carefully read and reread each section. These articles taught me that it is important that adolescent children are involved in sports or extracurricular activities in order to provide them with a better perception of themself.

Graduate Employability Essay

When we say Graduate Employability, the first thought that comes to mind is the definition of employability. Various definitions have been written, and rewritten. They are all correct, but not quite complete. Reason being, the perspectives on employability are dynamic, while the norms in education run according to the knowledge curriculum, which may also be dynamic in most cases, but runs on a pre set pattern- one cannot jump the queue. Often, there has been a gap between discipline based skills acquired during higher education, and generic skills which are increasingly regarded as an essential input for employability. This gives rise to this perennial debate about graduate employability and reveals issues in higher education. As David Hind and Stewart Moss (in their book, Employability Skills, published in early 2005) seem to suggest. – written, verbal, communication, presentation skills etc enhance the employability of an individual or graduate looking for a job. Having skills and putting them to work is the starting point of employability- by how much an individual succeeds in this effort determines his level of achievement. Employability is an ongoing process- and it does not begin or end with a graduate getting his first job. Britain has been in the forefront of this ongoing debate. While skills and knowledge have been the twin constituents of employability always, it remains to be decided which one is the critical attribute and what is the optimum mix. Professor Mantz Yorke takes the view that employability is complex and goes well beyond the notion of key skills- it takes into account a mix of personal qualities and beliefs, understandings, skilful practices and the ability to reflect productively on experience (Learning and Employability Series, the study on â€Å"Employability in Higher Education- what is and what is not†) Then we come to the issues in higher education impacting graduate employability. Higher Education Funding Council for England conducted a study on graduate employability way back in 2003 and found that work experience during courses appears to be a highly positive influence on employability. The reason is simple- while on the job, the student gets an opportunity to use his academic knowledge in realtime scenario- that too under close supervision and tutorial guidance. The ownership is high because the results are linked to the students performance. The intrapersonal skill sets are fine tuned and behavioural skills are further honed to provide the student with tools to accomplish a given task or project. When later, as a graduate he or she looks for employment , there is far more clarity on the demands of the job and his/her ability to match up- so wrong decisions are averted. It results in well matched expectations from both sides- the employer and the employee. Competencies being different for different job roles, it just gets that much much simpler to know what one is good at, and what one should be looking for. Another point highlighted in the study by HEFCE says that employer involvement in course design and delivery is positively associated with the quality of initial employment found by graduates. This way, the employers expectations are stated explicitly, and the curriculum tweaked to accommodate the expectations. Sufficient to say, that while there is already a whole lot being done at the graduation level, to turn out complete, capable and well balanced individuals, more can be done to enhance employability. The times are changing, so are the needs and expectations of students and Corporates. The efficacy of a sound education system gets established if the alumni are successful in their calling. This focussed group discussion is meant to establish the relationship between schooling and education. As Mark Twain said, so long ago- â€Å"don’t let your schooling interfere with your education†. We are all familiar with Robin Hood!

Implications in Supermarkets Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2476 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction In hypercompetitive industries (DAveni 2010) such as characterised by the present UK supermarket retail sector where competitive rules are changing fast with disruptive business models from new entrants like Aldi and Lidl (Savage 2014) continuing to pressure the market share of hitherto brand leaders like Tesco and Asda; brand differentiation can be an effective tool to counter the effects of resulting downward pressure on prices and profits (Kumar 2006; Matzler et al 2009). Understanding the expectations of the customer with respect to the brand is an important factor in the innovative process. This paper will analyse the dynamics that define customer based brand equity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Implications in Supermarkets Example For Free" essay for you Create order The strategic elements involved in creating brand equity along with its inter-relationship with competitive advantage will be discussed. The implications and relevance of strong branding and customer based brand equity will be reviewed pertaining to the present UK supermarket business environment. A firms competitive advantage and the extent to which it differentiates its presence in the marketplace depend on how well it consistently fulfils the expectations of its targeted customers. It is emphasised that in achieving this consistently through a combination of visible and invisible processes, it is able to intuitively develop a distinct identity within its sector, an imprint or branding on its products or services (Kapferer 2008). The Meaning of Branding The American Marketing Association (AMA) defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol or a combination of them that is designed to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. Within industry however, it is common to define branding as injecting products and services with distinct attributes representing an organisation, creating specific awareness and identity in the marketplace (Keller 2002). Hence it can be concluded that specific advantages, attributes, ideals and benefits are associated with a brand other than its name and labelling that allow the product to stand out and be distinguished when compared to a competitor (Kapferer 2008). In other words, branding comes from within, transcending superficial identifications. Numerous studies have shown that the strength of a brand, nurtured through accumulation of innovations over time to exert influence on the perceptions of customers, their level of satis faction and expectations also result in economic advantages (Aaker 1996; Keller 2002). The financial value as a result of these economic advantages is referred to as brand equity. Brand Equity It can be inferred that an effective and strong brand will be reflected in a sustainable, loyal customer base whose collection of tangible and intangible experiences with the brand determines how the brand performs in the future (Aaker 1996; Keller 2002). According to Kapferer (2008), performance of the brand and its equity is reflected at three major levels: Assets which encompass signs, imagery, name, identity and reputations. Strength, consisting of its market share and position, degree of loyalty, growth rate and pricing advantage. Value, reflecting financial advantages including marketing costs. Aaker (1996) contends that the advantages (or disadvantages) provided by a brand to its firm is embodied in five main categories: Brand Loyalty Brand Awareness Perceived Quality Brand Associations Other Proprietary Assets Aaker (1996) developed a brand equity model which is based on the above assets explaining how the various categories interplay to add (or remove) value to a firm and seeks to connect this to future performance of the brand. A schematic view of the model is shown below: Figure 1: Illustration of Aakers Brand Equity Model Source: Aaker 1996, P.9 In considering brand equity mainly from the consumer behaviour viewpoint, Keller (2002) defines customer based brand equity as consisting of the differential effect that the knowledge of and familiarity with a brand has on the behaviour of consumers to the marketing of the brand. The customer based brand equity (CBBE) model developed by Keller (2002) with respect to this definition will be examined in closer detail in the following section. Customer Based Brand Equity Within this model, a brand is considered to have positive customer based brand equity when consumer reaction to the marketing of a product is more favourable when that specific brand is mentioned as opposed to an unnamed or generic version of the product. To achieve this, the consumer has to be knowledgeable about the brand showing a high degree of awareness and familiarity along with corresponding strong and unique brand associations in memory (Keller 2002). To build a strong brand, Keller argues the importance of a number of sequential activities over time involving the development of a brand identity, defining brand meaning in the mind of consumers, repeatedly and consistently generating correct brand responses and ensuring a strong relationship with customers resulting in long term bonding and brand loyalty. These four stages according to Kellers (2001) CBBE model is based on a brand establishing six core values forming the basis of a brand resonance pyramid or a customer based brand equity pyramid. The six core values consist of brand salience, brand performance, brand imagery, consumer judgements, consumer feelings and consumer brand resonance. The six core values along with the elements of the four stages and four questions customers ask of brands as shown in figure 2 will be examined in greater detail. Figure 2: Customer Based Brand Equity Pyramid Source: Keller 2001, p.7 Brand Salience is connected to the awareness of the brand and how well it stands out in its category. This is the cornerstone for building brand equity. It addresses the basic customer question of Who are you?, the first step in engaging with the product. Breadth and depth of awareness influence how clearly the brand distinguishes itself within its category and that it will be one of the considered options for purchase and usage in terms of consumption. In situations where customers have little information about a product category or do not have much purchase interest, salience becomes the major criteria for the choice made (Keller 2001). Brand performance is an essential component of brand meaning since the features of the product itself are at the centre of creating brand equity. It is the performance of the product that the consumer directly experiences. Brand loyalty and resonance requires that the product meets with or preferably exceeds expectations. Key attributes of performance include reliability, serviceability, durability, price, style and design (Keller 2001). Crucial to brand performance is the level of service effectiveness, empathy and efficiency associated with the product. This defines how well customer services associated with the brand satisfies the customer including the speed and manner in which it is delivered in addition to care and consideration for the customer. Brand imagery represents an intangible component of brand meaning where the psychological perceptions of how the product meets customers needs in the minds of the consumer are considered. It is reflected in four major categories (Keller 2001): User profiles which connotes demographic groups or types of persons who would use the brand. In some cases this may be actual users or aspirational users. Furthermore, it may be thought that the brand is favoured by a large group of people and thus popular. Purchase and Usage situation including channels of distributions such as department stores, exclusive stores, context of use, location or where the brand is used and time of use, for example valentine day. Personality and values traits similar to that of people. This could be sincerity, cheerfulness, ruggedness, excitement or sophistication to name a few. History, heritage and experiences are also part of the abstract imagery associated with a brand. It could be that the brand is associated with family events, certain occasions in history or personal experiences. Brand judgments represent how the brand is evaluated by an individual with regard to their personal opinion and thus responses to the brand. Four considerations are important towards building a strong brand from the judgment stand point: Brand quality which represents the brands value and level of satisfaction. Brand credibility defining the extent to which the brand as a whole is liked and trusted by the customer as well as the degree to which the brand is seen as capable, innovative or a leader. Brand consideration explains the relevance of a brand to the customer. Brand superiority is a reflection of how unique the customer finds the brand in comparison to others. This is where brand differentiation and advantages is evaluated. Superiority is considered crucial in building loyalty and intense relationships. Consumer feelings describe the emotions evoked by the brand or its associated marketing activities. This is a strong component of customer responses to the brand and can be positive, negative, intense, mild or enduring. Six types important in brand building are warmth, fun, excitement, security, social approval and self-respect. Consumer brand resonance is the final step in the model and dwells on how well the relationship between the brand and the consumer works. The level of relationship intensity and understanding between consumer and brand is important in building strong loyalty and the activities associated with this such as pride in brand, associated clubs, frequent and repeat purchases, events, and seeking out information about brand. Four dimensions that have been identified in brand resonance are behavioural loyalty, attitudinal attachment, sense of community and active engagement. Relationship between CBBE and the UK supermarket business environment The UK supermarket marketplace consists of four major players, known as the big four; Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Morrisons (Dahlen et al 2010; Savage 2014). Other notable participants within the sector include Co-op, Waitrose, Aldi, Lidl and Iceland. Within the sector, different positioning strategies are employed to gain market share. Tesco is positioned based on convenience and affordability while Asda and Morrisons focus on these attributes but at lower prices in comparison (TNS Global 2012). Sainsbury and Aldi were identified as serving two different groups in the marketplace where Aldi focuses on price-positioning, Sainsbury focuses on quality positioning (Dahlen et al 2010). Waitrose is positioned more upmarket than Sainsbury while Lidl competes with Aldi within the downmarket sector. Aldi and Lidl, recognised for their strong price-positioned brands are increasingly taking market share from the big four with the market leader, Tesco suffering the most (Savage 2014). The s upermarket sector faces a state of change and reorganisation as the affected firms look for solutions to eroding market share. However, it appears that brands such as Waitrose and Asda have fared reasonably well so far as shown in figure 3. Figure 3: Supermarket Sales Growth 2013/2014 (%) Source: Savage, 2014 This brief seeks to examine what factors influence customer loyalty and the intensity of brand relationship and how this may have played in the ability of different supermarkets to hold on to market share in the advent of intense competition. Research carried out by TNS Global in 2012 found that Waitrose was identified as being able to gain market share if it was to reduce prices while Tesco, Asda and Morrisons, though viewed favourably by most of the respondents were associated with feelings of ambivalence by consumers (TNS Global 2012). While the effects of loss aversion are in play here where customers see the opportunity to acquire otherwise high quality pro ducts at low prices (Hardie et al 1993; Putler D.S. 1992) it can also be argued, based on our knowledge of CBBE that Waitrose is able to draw on its brand equity to defend its market share. One of the ways a firm can draw on its brand equity to counter low price competition is in the creation of a middle brand drawing market share from the low cost rival (Jara and Cliquet 2008; Heath and Chatterjee 1995). Tesco, Sainsbury and Morrisons are the hardest hit firms based on figure 3. This could be explained in part by the fact that while Sainsbury seeks to position as an upmarket quality brand, there are elements of sameness between the three brands. Also in play is the dynamic that the three supermarkets are positioned in the middle of the market where the market share added to the downmarket sector is most likely to come from (Jara and Cliquet 2008; Heath and Chatterjee 1995). In the case of Asda, it has developed some recognition over time as a low priced option despite being simi lar in positioning to the other three. It would appear that this perception provides it a buffer to some extent from competitive attacks based on low-price positioning (Bronnenberg and Wathieu 1996; Kumar 2006) Conclusion In this study, it was sought to understand the various elements of customer based brand equity and to analyse how the concept relates to ongoing market share changes and reorganisation in the UK supermarket environment. The scope of this brief makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions on the exact effects of CBBE on customer loyalties with respect to the supermarkets, however it is surmised that it does exert an important level of effect. It will be useful to investigate this further through empirical studies to gain better insights and understanding of the concept with respect to the supermarket environment. Reference List Aaker, D.A. (1996). Building Strong Brands. New York: The Free Press Bronnenberg, B.J.A.M., Wathieu, L. (1996). Asymmetric promotion effects and brand positioning. Marketing Science, Volume 15, No.4, pp. 379-394. Dahlen, M., Lange, F., Smith T. (2010). Marketing Communications: A Brand Narrative Approach. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons DAveni, R.A. (2010). Hypercompetition. New York: Simon and Schuster Hardie, B.G.S., Johnson, E.J., Fader, P.S. (1993). Modelling Loss Aversion and Reference Dependence Effects on Brand Choice. Marketing Science, Volume 12, No.4, pp. 378-394. Heath, T. B., Chatterjee, S. (1995). Asymmetric Decoy Effects on Lower-Quality versus Higher-Quality Brands: Meta-Analytic and Experimental Evidence. Journal of Consumer Research, Volume 22, No.3, pp. 268-284. Jara, M., Cliquet G. (2008). Retail brand equity: a conceptual and differentiated approach. European Association of Education and Research in Commercial Distribution, pp.1-30. Kapf erer, J.N. (2008). The New Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity Long Term. London: Kogan Page Keller, K.L. (2001). Building Customer Based Brand Equity. Massachusetts, USA: Marketing Science Institute Keller, K.L. (2002). Branding and Brand Equity. Massachusetts, USA: Relevant Knowledge Series, Marketing Science Institute Kumar, N. (2006). Strategies to Fight Low Cost Rivals. Boston, USA: Harvard Business Press Matzler, K., Bailom, F., Anschober, M., Richardson, S. (2009). Hypercompetition, customer-value competition, and the new role of market research. Innovative Marketing, Volume 5, No.2, pp 6-10 Putler, D.S. (1992). Incorporating Reference Price Effects into a Theory of Consumer Choice. Marketing Science, Volume 11, No.3, pp. 287-309. Savage, R. (2014). Tesco sales keep rotting as Waitrose nabs record market share. Management Today [Online] Available from: https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/1318059/tesco-sales-keep-rotting-waitro se-nabs-record-market-share/ TNS Global. (2012). ÂÂ £7.1bn of grocery spend up for grabs if Waitrose can convert Shallow Shoppers [Online] Available from : https://www.tnsglobal.com/press-release/%C2%A371bn-grocery-spend-grabs-if-waitrose-can-convert-%E2%80%98shallow-shoppers%E2%80%99 Bibliography Kirenz, J. (2010). Linking Consumer Mindset Metrics to Consumer Behavior and Capital Market Valuation. Gmbh: Josef Eul Verlag Kumar, N. (2007). Private Label Strategy: How to Meet the Store Brand Challenge. Boston, USA: Harvard Business Press Lambin, J.J. (2008). Changing Market Relationships in the Internet Age. Leuven, Belgium: Presses univ. de Louvain Rao, A.R., Bergen, M.E., Davis, S. (2000). How to Fight a Price War. Harvard Business Review, March-April 2000 Issue.